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	<title>涅磐-wordpress技巧,linux vps技巧,分享电影音乐,摄影爱好者,微博控 &#187; 命令</title>
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		<title>如何修改sudo命令输入密码的时间</title>
		<link>http://www.openboy.net/set-sudo-timeout.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Nov 2010 04:52:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[等我换到ubuntu上我一定修改了它. 每次sudo什么都要输入密码。。好麻烦。所以我要把它的密码记住时间修改的好长、好长。 先输入命令 sudo visudo 找到下面行 defaults env_reset 改变此行为下面这样 Defaults env_reset , timestamp_timeout=x x 就是代表时间，你可以设置为 10 或 30 ，表示10分钟或半小时。 我准备设置成。。600.哈哈！ 另外也可以设置为 -1 ，这样当你在注销或退出 terminal 之前，都会记住密码。当这样做的时候，有时为了安全考虑，你也可以运行以下命令来强制退出sudo sudo -K 原文参考@riku的Wow! Ubuntu Ubuntu/linux下最强大的下载工具－aria2linux/ubuntu下pidgin无法登录msn提速ubuntu&#038;试了下gnome-shell用iso镜像升级ubuntuUbuntu和windows的时间日期不对的解决方法杯具了,但是我很淡定编译安装pidgin以及一些错误解决<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>等我换到ubuntu上我一定修改了它.<br />
每次sudo什么都要输入密码。。好麻烦。所以我要把它的密码记住时间修改的好长、好长。<br />
<span id="more-606"></span></p>
<ul>
<li>先输入命令</li>
<pre>sudo visudo</pre>
<li>找到下面行</li>
<pre>defaults env_reset</pre>
<li>改变此行为下面这样</li>
<pre>Defaults env_reset , timestamp_timeout=x</pre>
<p><strong>x 就是代表时间，你可以设置为 10 或 30 ，表示10分钟或半小时。</strong><br />
我准备设置成。。600.哈哈！</p>
<li>另外也可以设置为 -1 ，这样当你在注销或退出 terminal 之前，都会记住密码。当这样做的时候，有时为了安全考虑，你也可以运行以下命令来强制退出sudo</li>
<pre>sudo -K</pre>
</ul>
<p>原文参考@riku的<a href="http://wowubuntu.com/sudo-timeout.html" rel="external nofollow">Wow! Ubuntu</a></p>
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		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>aria2是我今天新学到的一个命令行的下载工具，虽然还没研究透，但是他绝对比wget更好.</p>
<p>aria2 是 Linux 下一个不错的<strong>高速下载工具</strong>。由于它具有分段下载引擎，所以支持从多个地址或者从一个地址的多个连接来下载同一个文件。这样自然就大大加快了文件的下载速 度。aria2 也具有断点续传功能，这使你随时能够恢复已经中断的文件下载。除了支持一般的 http(s) 和 ftp 协议外，aria2 还支持 BitTorrent 协议。这意味着，你也可以使用 aria2 来下载 torrent 文件。</p>
<p><strong>安装 aria2</strong><br />
<span id="more-422"></span><br />
aria2 目前已被包含到许多 Linux 发行版中，因此你可以通过所用的系统直接加以安装。例如，在 Debian/Ubuntu 中，你可以在终端执行如下指令来安装 aria2：</p>
<pre>sudo apt-get install aria2</pre>
<p><strong>aria2 的使用方法</strong></p>
<p>aria2 是<a title="Linux下的一些SSH常用命令总结" href="http://www.openboy.net/linux-ssh-order.html" target="_blank">命令行</a>程序，使用非常简单。</p>
<ul>
<li>一般使用使用 aria2 下载文件，只需在命令后附加地址即可。比如我们下载ubuntu如：
<pre>aria2c http://www.mirror.tw/pub/ubuntu/releases/jaunty/ubuntu-9.04-desktop-i386.iso</pre>
<li>分段下载利用 aria2 的分段下载功能可以加快文件的下载速度，对于下载大文件时特别有用。为了使用 aria2 的分段下载功能，你需要在命令中指定 s 选项。如：
<pre>aria2c -s 2 http://www.mirror.tw/pub/ubuntu/releases/jaunty/ubuntu-9.04-desktop-i386.iso</pre>
<p>这将使用 2 个连接来下载该文件。s 后面的参数值介于 1~5 之间，你可以根据实际情况选择。</li>
<li>断点续传在命令中使用 c 选项可以断点续传文件。如：
<pre>aria2c -c http://www.mirror.tw/pub/ubuntu/releases/jaunty/ubuntu-9.04-desktop-i386.iso</pre>
<li>下载 torrent 文件你也可以使用 aria2 下载 BitTorrent 文件。如：
<pre>aria2c -o gutsy.torrent http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/gutsy-desktop-i386.iso.torrent</pre>
</ul>
<p>关于 aria2 的更多用法，可以通过 man aria2c 查阅。<br />
开发主页：<a href="http://aria2.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">aria2</a></p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://www.openboy.net/ubuntu-linux-download-tool-aria2.html/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>7</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>总结一些linux目录结构和终端命令</title>
		<link>http://www.openboy.net/linux-directory-structure-and-ssh-order.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.openboy.net/linux-directory-structure-and-ssh-order.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2009 06:09:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ssh]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[命令]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[目录]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.openboy.net/?p=420</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[linux目录架构 / 根目录 /bin    常用的命令 binary file 的目錄 /boot   存放系统启动时必须读取的档案，包括核心 (kernel) 在内 /boot/grub/menu.lst   GRUB设置 /boot/vmlinuz   内核 /boot/initrd     核心解壓縮所需 RAM Disk /dev    系统周边设备 /etc    系统相关设定文件 /etc/DIR_COLORS   设定颜色 /etc/HOSTNAME   设定用户的节点名 /etc/NETWORKING   只有YES标明网络存在 /etc/host.conf 文件说明用户的系统如何查询节点名 /etc/hosts 设定用户自已的IP与名字的对应表 /etc/hosts.allow 设置允许使用inetd的机器使用 /etc/hosts.deny 设置不允许使用inetd的机器使用 /etc/hosts.equiv 设置远端机不用密码 /etc/inetd.conf 设定系统网络守护进程inetd的配置 /etc/gateways 设定路由器 /etc/protocols 设定系统支持的协议 /etc/named.boot 设定本机为名字服务器的配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0   设置IP /etc/resolv.conf    设置DNS /etc/X11 X Window的配置文件,xorg.conf [...]<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><strong>linux目录架构</strong></h3>
<p align="left">/ 根目录<br />
/bin      常用的命令 binary file 的目錄<br />
/boot     存放系统启动时必须读取的档案，包括核心 (kernel) 在内<br />
/boot/grub/menu.lst     GRUB设置<br />
/boot/vmlinuz     内核<br />
/boot/initrd       核心解壓縮所需 RAM Disk<br />
/dev      系统周边设备<span id="more-420"></span><br />
/etc      系统相关设定文件<br />
/etc/DIR_COLORS     设定颜色<br />
/etc/HOSTNAME     设定用户的节点名<br />
/etc/NETWORKING     只有YES标明网络存在<br />
/etc/host.conf 文件说明用户的系统如何查询节点名<br />
/etc/hosts 设定用户自已的IP与名字的对应表<br />
/etc/hosts.allow 设置允许使用inetd的机器使用<br />
/etc/hosts.deny 设置不允许使用inetd的机器使用<br />
/etc/hosts.equiv 设置远端机不用密码<br />
/etc/inetd.conf 设定系统网络守护进程inetd的配置<br />
/etc/gateways 设定路由器<br />
/etc/protocols 设定系统支持的协议<br />
/etc/named.boot 设定本机为名字服务器的配置文件<br />
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0     设置IP<br />
/etc/resolv.conf      设置DNS<br />
/etc/X11 X Window的配置文件,xorg.conf 或 XF86Config 這兩個 X Server 的設定檔<br />
/etc/fstab      记录开机要mount的文件系统<br />
/etc/inittab 设定系统启动时init进程将把系统设置成什么样的runlevel<br />
/etc/issue 记录用户登录前显示的信息<br />
/etc/group 设定用户的组名与相关信息<br />
/etc/passwd 帐号信息<br />
/etc/shadow 密码信息<br />
/etc/sudoers 可以sudo命令的配置文件<br />
/etc/securetty 设定哪些终端可以让root登录<br />
/etc/login.defs 所有用户登录时的缺省配置<br />
/etc/exports 设定NFS系统用的<br />
/etc/init.d/     所有服務的預設啟動 script 都是放在這裡的，例如要啟動或者關閉<br />
/etc/xinetd.d/ 這就是所謂的 super daemon 管理的各項服務的設定檔目錄<br />
/etc/modprobe.conf     内核模块额外参数设定<br />
/etc/syslog.conf     日志设置文件<br />
/home     使用者家目录<br />
/lib      系统会使用到的函数库<br />
/lib/modules     kernel 的相关模块<br />
/var/lib/rpm     rpm套件安装处<br />
/lost+found      系統不正常產生錯誤時，會將一些遺失的片段放置於此目錄下<br />
/mnt       外设的挂载点<br />
/media     与/mnt类似<br />
/opt       主机额外安装的软件<br />
/proc      虚拟目录，是内存的映射<br />
/proc/version     内核版本<br />
/proc/sys/kernel     系统内核功能<br />
/root      系统管理员的家目录<br />
/sbin      系统管理员才能执行的指令<br />
/srv       一些服務啟動之後，這些服務所需要取用的資料目錄<br />
/tmp       一般使用者或者是正在執行的程序暫時放置檔案的地方<br />
/usr       最大的目录，存许应用程序和文件<br />
/usr/X11R6：     X-Window目录<br />
/usr/src：      Linux源代码<br />
/usr/include：系统头文件<br />
/usr/openwin 存放SUN的OpenWin<br />
/usr/man 在线使用手册<br />
/usr/bin             使用者可執行的 binary file 的目錄<br />
/usr/local/bin       使用者可執行的 binary file 的目錄<br />
/usr/lib             系统会使用到的函数库<br />
/usr/local/lib       系统会使用到的函数库<br />
/usr/sbin            系统管理员才能执行的指令<br />
/usr/local/sbin      系统管理员才能执行的指令<br />
/var     日志文件<br />
/var/log/secure      記錄登入系統存取資料的檔案，例如 pop3, ssh, telnet, ftp 等都會記錄在此檔案中<br />
/var/log/wtmp        記錄登入者的訊息資料, last<br />
/var/log/messages 幾乎系統發生的錯誤訊息<br />
/var/log/boot.log 記錄開機或者是一些服務啟動的時候，所顯示的啟動或關閉訊息<br />
/var/log/maillog     紀錄郵件存取或往來( sendmail 與 pop3 )的使用者記錄<br />
/var/log/cron        記錄 crontab 這個例行性服務的內容<br />
/var/log/httpd, /var/log/news, /var/log/mysqld.log, /var/log/samba, /var/log/procmail.log：<br />
分別是幾個不同的網路服務的記錄檔</p>
<p align="left">
<h3><strong>linux一些常用的基本命令:</strong></h3>
<p align="left">uname -a      查看内核版本<br />
ls -al      显示所有文件的属性<br />
pwd           显示当前路径<br />
cd -      返回上一次目录       cd ~      返回主目录<br />
date s        设置时间、日期<br />
cal        显示日历       cal 2006<br />
bc            计算器具<br />
man &amp; info       帮助手册<br />
locale       显示当前字体       locale -a      所有可用字体       /etc/sysconfig/i18n设置文件<br />
LANG=en      使用英文字体<br />
sync         将数据同步写入硬盘<br />
shutdonw -h now &amp; half &amp; poweroff 关机<br />
reboot       重启<br />
startx &amp; init 5     进入图形介面<br />
/work &amp; ?work      向上、下查找文档内容<br />
chgrp        改变档案群组 chgrp testing install.log<br />
chown       改变所属人     chown root:root install.log<br />
chmod        改变属性       chmod 777 install.log       read=4 write=2 execute=1<br />
cp     复制     cp filename<br />
rm     删除文件 rm -rf filename     强制删除文件<br />
rmdir     删除文件夹<br />
mv 移动      mv 123.txt 222.txt 重命名<br />
mkdir       创建文件夹<br />
touch       创建文件 更新当前时间<br />
cat         由第一行开始显示       cat |more 分页<br />
nl          在内容前加行号<br />
more &amp; less     一面一面翻动<br />
head -n filename     显示第N行内容<br />
tail -n filename 显示后N行内容<br />
od          显示非纯文档<br />
df -h 显示分区空间<br />
du 显示目录或文件的大小<br />
fdisk     分区设置      fdisk -l /dev/hda 显示硬盘分区状态<br />
mkfs      建立各种文件系统 mkfs -t ext3 /dev/ram15<br />
fsck      检查和修复LINUX档案<br />
ln        硬链接     ln -s 软件链接<br />
whereis     查找命令<br />
locate      查找<br />
find        查找     find / -name “***.***”<br />
which       查看工具<br />
whoami      显示当前用户<br />
gcc -v      查看GCC版本<br />
chattr +i filename 禁止删除     chattr -i filename 取消禁止<br />
lsattr      显示隐藏档属性<br />
updatedb 更新资料库<br />
mke2fs      格式化     mkfs -t ext3<br />
dd if=/etc/passwd of=/tmp/passwd.bak      备份<br />
mount       列出系统所有的分区<br />
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom     挂载光盘<br />
mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy         挂载软盘<br />
mount -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000 /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2     挂载fat32分区<br />
mount -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=000 /dev/hda3 /mnt/hda3           挂载ntfs分区<br />
Linux-NTFS Project: <a href="http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/</a><br />
umount /mnt/hda3 缷载<br />
ifconfig     显示或设置网络设备<br />
service network restart     重启网卡<br />
ifdown eth0 关闭网卡<br />
ifup eth0      开启网卡<br />
clear      清屏<br />
history      历史记录         !55 执行第55个指令<br />
stty     设置终端      stty -a<br />
fdisk /mbr     删除GRUB<br />
at       僅進行一次的工作排程<br />
crontab     循環執行的例行性命令      [e]编辑,[l]显示,[r]删除任务<br />
&amp;         后台运行程序      tar -zxvf 123.tar.gz &amp; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&gt;后台运行<br />
jobs      观看后台暂停的程序     jobs -l<br />
fg        将后台程序调到前台     fg n &#8212;&#8212;&gt;n是数字,可以指定进行那个程序<br />
bg        让工作在后台运行<br />
kill      结束进程      kill -9 PID       [9]强制结束,[15]正常结束,[l]列出可用的kill信号<br />
ps aux 查看后台程序<br />
top       查看后台程序     top -d 2      每两秒更新一次          top -d 2 -p10604     观看某个PID<br />
top -b -n 2 &gt; /tmp/top.txt &#8212;&#8211;&gt;將 top 的資訊進行 2 次，然後將結果輸出到 /tmp/top.txt<br />
pstree     以树状图显示程序      [A]以 ASCII 來連接, [u]列出PID, [p]列出帐号<br />
killall     要刪除某個服務      killall -9 httpd<br />
free        显示内存状态       free -m &#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt;以M为单位显示<br />
uptime      显示目前系统开机时间<br />
netstat     显示网络状态      netstat -tulnp&#8212;&#8212;&gt;找出目前系統上已在監聽的網路連線及其 PID<br />
dmesg       显示开机信息      demsg | more<br />
nice        设置优先权        nice -n -5 vi &amp; &#8212;&#8211;&gt;用 root 給一個 nice 植為 -5 ，用於執行 vi<br />
renice      调整已存在优先权<br />
runlevel 显示目前的runlevel<br />
depmod      分析可载入模块的相依性<br />
lsmod       显示已载入系统的模块<br />
modinfo     显示kernel模块的信息<br />
insmod      载入模块<br />
modprobe     自动处理可载入模块<br />
rmmod       删除模块<br />
chkconfig     检查，设置系统的各种服务       chkconfig &#8211;list &#8212;&#8211;&gt;列出各项服务状态<br />
ntsysv       设置系统的各种服务<br />
cpio        备份文件</p>
<p align="left"><strong>压缩命令：</strong><br />
*.Z        compress 程式壓縮的檔案；<br />
*.bz2      bzip2 程式壓縮的檔案；<br />
*.gz       gzip 程式壓縮的檔案；<br />
*.tar      tar 程式打包的資料，並沒有壓縮過；<br />
*.tar.gz tar 程式打包的檔案，其中並且經過 gzip 的壓縮<br />
compress filename 压缩文件 加[-d]解压 uncompress<br />
gzip filename     压缩 加[-d]解压 zcat 123.gz 查看压缩文件内容<br />
bzip2 -z filename 压缩 加[-d]解压     bzcat filename.bz2 查看压缩文件内容<br />
tar -cvf /home/123.tar /etc 打包，不压缩<br />
tar -xvf 123.tar     解开包<br />
tar -zxvf /home/123.tar.gz 以gzip解压<br />
tar -jxvf /home/123.tar.bz2 以bzip2解压<br />
tar -ztvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz     查看tar内容<br />
cpio -covB &gt; [file|device]     份份<br />
cpio -icduv &lt; [file|device]     还原</p>
<div id="blog_text">
<div>
<p><strong>vi一般用法</strong><br />
一般模式                编辑模式                    指令模式<br />
h 左                 a,i,r,o,A,I,R,O               :w 保存<br />
j 下                  进入编辑模式                  :w! 强制保存<br />
k 上                  dd 删除光标当前行             :q! 不保存离开<br />
l 右                  ndd 删除n行                   :wq! 保存后离开<br />
0 移动到行首          yy 复制当前行                  :e! 还原原始档<br />
$ 移动到行尾          nyy 复制n行                    :w filename 另存为<br />
H 屏幕最上            p,P 粘贴                       :set nu 设置行号<br />
M 屏幕中央            u 撤消                        :set nonu 取消行号<br />
L 屏幕最下            [Ctrl]+r 重做上一个动作         ZZ 保存离开<br />
G 档案最后一行        [ctrl]+z 暂停退出              :set nohlsearch     永久地关闭高亮显示<br />
/work 向下搜索                                     :sp 同时打开两个文档<br />
?work 向上搜索                                     [Ctrl]+w 两个文档设换<br />
gg 移动到档案第一行                                :nohlsearch      暂时关闭高亮显示</p>
<p><strong>认识SHELL</strong><br />
alias      显示当前所有的命令别名        alias lm=”ls -al”     命令别名      unalias lm 取消命令别名<br />
type        类似which<br />
exprot      设置或显示环境变量<br />
exprot PATH=”$PATH”:/sbin 添加/sbin入PATH路径<br />
echo $PATH      显示PATH路径<br />
bash        进入子程序<br />
name=yang       设定变量<br />
unset name      取消变量<br />
echo $name      显示变量的内容<br />
myname=”$name its me”     &amp;     myname=&#8217;$name its me&#8217;       单引号时$name失去变量内容<br />
ciw=/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/       设置路径<br />
env        列出所有环境变量<br />
echo $RANDOM      显示随意产生的数<br />
set        设置SHELL<br />
PS1=&#8217;[\u@\h \w \A #\#]\$ &#8216;       提示字元的設定<br />
[root@linux ~]# read [-pt] variable       &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;读取键盘输入的变量<br />
參數：<br />
-p ：後面可以接提示字元！<br />
-t ：後面可以接等待的『秒數！』<br />
declare      声明 shell 变量<br />
ulimit -a     显示所有限制资料<br />
ls /tmp/yang &amp;&amp; echo “exist” || echo “not exist”<br />
意思是說，當 ls /tmp/yang 執行後，若正確，就執行echo “exist” ,若有問題，就執行echo “not exist”<br />
echo $PATH | cut -d &#8216;:&#8217; -f 5         以:为分隔符,读取第5段内容<br />
export | cut -c 10-20        读取第10到20个字节的内容<br />
last | grep &#8216;root&#8217;      搜索有root的一行,加[-v]反向搜索<br />
cat /etc/passwd | sort      排序显示<br />
cat /etc/passwd | wc        显示『行、字数、字节数』</p>
<p><strong>正规表示法</strong><br />
[root@test root]# grep [-acinv] &#8216;搜尋字串&#8217; filename<br />
參數說明：<br />
-a ：將 binary 檔案以 text 檔案的方式搜尋資料<br />
-c ：計算找到 &#8216;搜尋字串&#8217; 的次數<br />
-i ：忽略大小寫的不同，所以大小寫視為相同<br />
-n ：順便輸出行號<br />
-v ：反向選擇，亦即顯示出沒有 &#8216;搜尋字串&#8217; 內容的那一行！<br />
grep -n &#8216;the&#8217; 123.txt       搜索the字符 &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;搜尋特定字串<br />
grep -n &#8216;t[ea]st&#8217; 123.txt      搜索test或taste两个字符&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;利用 [] 來搜尋集合字元<br />
grep -n &#8216;[^g]oo&#8217; 123.txt       搜索前面不为g的oo&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;向選擇 [^]<br />
grep -n &#8216;[0-9]&#8216; 123.txt 搜索有0-9的数字<br />
grep -n &#8216;^the&#8217; 123.txt 搜索以the为行首&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;行首搜索^<br />
grep -n &#8216;^[^a-zA-Z]&#8216; 123.txt 搜索不以英文字母开头<br />
grep -n &#8216;[a-z]$&#8217; 123.txt      搜索以a-z结尾的行&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- 行尾搜索$<br />
grep -n &#8216;g..d&#8217; 123.txt       搜索开头g结尾d字符&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-任意一個字元 .<br />
grep -n &#8216;ooo*&#8217; 123.txt       搜索至少有两个oo的字符&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;重複字元 *<br />
sed      文本流编辑器      利用脚本命令来处理文本文件<br />
awd      模式扫描和处理语言<br />
nl 123.txt | sed &#8217;2,5d&#8217;     删除第二到第五行的内容<br />
diff       比较文件的差异<br />
cmp        比较两个文件是否有差异<br />
patch      修补文件<br />
pr         要打印的文件格式化<br />
<strong>帐号管理</strong><br />
/etc/passwd      系统帐号信息<br />
/etc/shadow      帐号密码信息      经MD5 32位加密<br />
在密码栏前面加『 * 』『 ! 』禁止使用某帐号<br />
/etc/group       系统群组信息<br />
/etc/gshadow<br />
newgrp      改变登陆组<br />
useradd &amp; adduser      建立新用户 &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&gt; useradd -m test 自动建立用户的登入目录<br />
useradd -m -g pgroup test &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&gt;指定所属级<br />
/etc/default/useradd     相关设定<br />
/etc/login.defs         UID/GID 有關的設定<br />
passwd      更改密码 &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt; passwd test<br />
usermod     修改用户帐号<br />
userdel     删除帐号 &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt;userdel -r test<br />
chsh        更换登陆系统时使用的SHELL     [-l]显示可用的SHELL;[-s]修改自己的SHELL<br />
chfn        改变finger指令显示的信息<br />
finger      查找并显示用户信息<br />
id          显示用户的ID &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt; id test<br />
groupadd     添加组<br />
groupmod     与usermod类似<br />
groupdel     删除组<br />
su test      更改用户     su -      进入root,且使用root的环境变量<br />
sudo         以其他身份来执行指令<br />
visudo       编辑/etc/sudoers        加入一行『 test ALL=(ALL) ALL 』<br />
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL                 系统里所有wheel群组的用户都可用sudo<br />
%wheel ALL = (ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL       wheel群组所有用户都不用密码NOPASSWD<br />
User_Alias ADMPW = vbird, dmtsai, vbird1, vbird3           加入ADMPW组<br />
ADMPW ALL = NOPASSWD: !/usr/bin/passwd, /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, \<br />
!/usr/bin/passwd root        可以更改使用者密码,但不能更改root密码 (在指令前面加入 ! 代表不可)<br />
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules, 嵌入式模組)<br />
who &amp; w       看谁在线<br />
last          最近登陆主机的信息<br />
lastlog       最近登入的時間      读取 /var/log/lastlog<br />
talk          与其他用户交谈<br />
write         发送信息      write test     [ctrl]+d 发送<br />
mesg          设置终端机的写入权限      mesg n 禁止接收       mesg y<br />
wall          向所有用户发送信息      wall this is q test<br />
mail          写mail<br />
/etc/default/useradd      家目录默认设置</p>
<p>quota        显示磁盘已使用的空间与限制       quota -guvs &#8212;&#8211;&gt;秀出目前 root 自己的 quota 限制值<br />
quota -vu     查询<br />
quotacheck     检查磁盘的使用空间与限制       quotacheck -avug &#8212;&#8211;&gt;將所有的在 /etc/mtab 內，含有 quota 支援的 partition 進行掃瞄<br />
[-m] 强制扫描<br />
quota一定要是独立的分区,要有quota.user和quota.group两件文件,在/etc/fstab添加一句:<br />
/dev/hda3 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2<br />
chmod 600 quota*           设置完成,重启生效<br />
edquota      编辑用户或群组的quota [u]用户,[g]群组,[p]复制,[t]设置宽限期限<br />
edquota -a yang         edquota -p yang -u young &#8212;&#8211;&gt;复制<br />
quotaon      开启磁盘空间限制       quotaon -auvg &#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt;啟動所有的具有 quota 的 filesystem<br />
quotaoff     关闭磁盘空间限制       quotaoff -a &#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt;關閉了 quota 的限制<br />
repquota -av       查閱系統內所有的具有 quota 的 filesystem 的限值狀態</p>
<p>Quota 從開始準備 filesystem 的支援到整個設定結束的主要的步驟大概是：<br />
1、設定 partition 的 filesystem 支援 quota 參數：<br />
由於 quota 必須要讓 partition 上面的 filesystem 支援才行，一般來說， 支援度最好的是 ext2/ext3 ，<br />
其他的 filesystem 類型鳥哥我是沒有試過啦！ 啟動 filesystem 支援 quota 最簡單就是編輯 /etc/fstab ，<br />
使得準備要開放的 quota 磁碟可以支援 quota 囉；<br />
2、建立 quota 記錄檔：<br />
剛剛前面講過，整個 quota 進行磁碟限制值記錄的檔案是 aquota.user/aquota.group，<br />
要建立這兩個檔案就必須要先利用 quotacheck 掃瞄才行喔！<br />
3、編輯 quota 限制值資料：<br />
再來就是使用 edquota 來編輯每個使用者或群組的可使用空間囉；<br />
4、重新掃瞄與啟動 quota ：<br />
設定好 quota 之後，建議可以再進行一次 quotacheck ，然後再以 quotaon 來啟動吧！</p>
<h3><strong>开机流程简介</strong></h3>
<p>1、載入 BIOS 的硬體資訊，並取得第一個開機裝置的代號；<br />
2、讀取第一個開機裝置的 MBR 的 boot Loader (亦即是 lilo, grub, spfdisk 等等) 的開機資訊；<br />
3、載入 Kernel 作業系統核心資訊， Kernel 開始解壓縮，並且嘗試驅動所有硬體裝置；<br />
4、Kernel 執行 init 程式並取得 run-level 資訊；<br />
5、init 執行 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit 檔案；<br />
6、啟動核心的外掛模組 (/etc/modprobe.conf)；<br />
7、init 執行 run-level 的各個批次檔( Scripts )；<br />
8、init 執行 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 檔案；<br />
9、執行 /bin/login 程式，並等待使用者登入；<br />
10、登入之後開始以 Shell 控管主機。</p>
<p>在/etc/rc.d/rc3.d內,以S开头的为开机启动,以K开头的为关闭,接着的数字代表执行顺序</p>
<p>GRUB vga设定<br />
彩度\解析度 640&#215;480 800&#215;600 1024&#215;768 1280&#215;1024     bit<br />
256          769        771        773         775        8 bit<br />
32768         784        787        790         793       15 bit<br />
65536         785        788        791         794       16 bit<br />
16.8M         786        789        792         795       32 bit<br />
./configure      检查系统信息         ./configure &#8211;help | more 帮助信息<br />
make clean       清除之前留下的文件<br />
make             编译<br />
make install     安装</p>
<p>rpm -q &#8212;&#8211;&gt;查询是否安装               rpm -ql &#8212;&#8212;&gt;查询该套件所有的目录<br />
rpm -qi &#8212;&#8211;&gt;查询套件的说明资料         rpm -qc[d] &#8212;&#8211;&gt;设定档与说明档<br />
rpm -ivh &#8212;-&gt;安装                      rpm -V &#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&gt;查看套件有否更动过<br />
rpm -e &#8212;&#8212;&gt;删除                      rpm -Uvh &#8212;&#8212;-&gt;升级安装<br />
&#8211;nodeps &#8212;&#8211;&gt;强行安装                  &#8211;test &#8212;&#8211;&gt;测试安装</p></div>
</div>
<h3>清理旧版本的软件缓存</h3>
<pre>sudo apt-get autoclean</pre>
<h3>清理所有软件缓存</h3>
<pre>sudo apt-get clean</pre>
<h3>删除系统不再使用的孤立软件</h3>
<pre>sudo apt-get autoremove</pre>
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		<title>Linux下的一些SSH常用命令总结</title>
		<link>http://www.openboy.net/linux-ssh-order.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.openboy.net/linux-ssh-order.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2009 09:37:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ssh]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[命令]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>目录操作：</strong><br />
rm -rf mydir /*删除mydir目录*/<br />
cd mydir /*进入mydir目录*/<br />
cd &#8211; /*回上一级目录*/<br />
cd .. /*回父目录，中间有空格*/<br />
cd ~ /*回根目录*/<br />
mv tools tool /*把tools目录改名为tool */<br />
ln -s tool bac /*给tool目录创建名为bac的符号链接,最熟悉的应该就是FTP中www链接到public_html目录了*/<br />
cp -a tool /home/vpser/www /*把tool目录下所有文件复制到www目录下 */</p>
<p><strong>文件操作：</strong><span id="more-400"></span><br />
rm go.tar        /* 删除go.tar文件 */<br />
find mt.cgi    /* 查找文件名为mt.cgi的文件 */<br />
df –h              /* 查看磁盘剩余空间,好像没这个必要，除非你太那个了 */</p>
<p><strong>解压缩：</strong><br />
tar xvf wordpress.tar       /* 解压tar格式的文件 */<br />
tar -tvf myfile.tar     /* 查看tar文件中包含的文件 */</p>
<p>tar cf toole.tar tool /* 把tool目录打包为toole.tar文件 */<br />
tar cfz vpser.tar.gz tool /* 把tool目录打包且压缩为vpser.tar.gz文件，因为.tar文件几乎是没有压缩过的，MT的.tar.gz文件解压成.tar文件后差不多是10MB */</p>
<p>tar jcvf  /var/bak/www.tar.bz2 /var/www/    /*创建.tar.bz2文件，压缩率高*/<br />
tar xjf www.tar.bz2 /*解压tar.bz2格式*/</p>
<p>gzip -d ge.tar.gz        /* 解压.tar.gz文件为.tar文件 */<br />
unzip phpbb.zip      /* 解压zip文件，windows下要压缩出一个.tar.gz格式的文件还是有点麻烦的 */</p>
<p><strong>下载：</strong><br />
wget <a href="http://www.openboy.net">http://www.openboy.net</a>/web/nginx/nginx-0.8.0.tar.gz<br />
/*下载远程服务器上的文件到自己的服务器，连上传都省了，服务器不是100M就是1000M的带宽，下载一个2-3兆的MT还不是几十秒的事 */<br />
wget -c <a href="http://www.openboy.net">http://www.openboy.net</a>/web/nginx/nginx-0.8.0.tar.gz<br />
/* 继续下载上次未下载完的文件 */</p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;">转载请注明出处：猪小猪&#8217;space </span><a href="http://www.openboy.net/"><span style="color: #ffffff;">http://www.openboy.net</span></a></p>
<p><strong>进程管理：</strong><br />
ps -aux   /*ps 进程状态查询命令*/</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">ps命令输出字段的含义：<br />
[list]<br />
[*]USER，进程所有者的用户名。<br />
[*]PID，进程号，可以唯一标识该进程。<br />
[*]%CPU，进程自最近一次刷新以来所占用的CPU时间和总时间的百分比。<br />
[*]%MEM，进程使用内存的百分比。<br />
[*]VSZ，进程使用的虚拟内存大小，以K为单位。<br />
[*]RSS，进程占用的物理内存的总数量，以K为单位。<br />
[*]TTY，进程相关的终端名。<br />
[*]STAT，进程状态，用(R–运行或准备运行；S–睡眠状态；I–空闲；Z–冻结；D–不间断睡眠；W-进程没有驻留页；T停止或跟踪。)这些字母来表示。<br />
[*]START，进程开始运行时间。<br />
[*]TIME，进程使用的总CPU时间。<br />
[*]COMMAND，被执行的命令行。<br />
[/list]</p>
<p>ps -aux | grep nginx  /*在所有进程中，查找nginx的进程*/<br />
kill 1234    /*1234为进程ID，即ps -aux 中的PID*/<br />
killall nginx /*killall 通过程序的名字，直接杀死所有进程，nginx为进程名*/</p>
<p><strong>Vim操作：</strong></p>
<p>移动类的：<br />
h/j/k/l: 左/下/上/右　移一格<br />
w : 向后词移动　（前面加数字移动多少个词）<br />
b : 向前词移动　（前面加数字移动多少个词）<br />
e : 向后移到词末<br />
ge : 向前移到词末<br />
$ &lt;End&gt; : 行末<br />
0 &lt;Home&gt; : 行首<br />
tx : 向右查找本行的x并移到那儿（大写时向左）<br />
33G : 移到文件的第33行<br />
gg : 文件首行<br />
G : 文件尾行<br />
33% : 文件的33%处<br />
H/M/L : 屏幕的首/中/尾行<br />
zt/zz/zb : 当前行移到屏幕的首/中/底部</p>
<p>跳转：<br />
”  : 回到跳转来的地方<br />
CTRL-O : 跳到一个 “较老” 的地方<br />
CTRL-I &lt;Tab&gt; : 则跳到一个 “较新” 的地方</p>
<p>查找：<br />
/ : 向下查找（后加关键字）<br />
? : 向上查找（后加关键字）<br />
n : 下一条符合的记录</p>
<p>编辑：<br />
i : 转换到插入模式<br />
x : 删除当前字符<br />
. : 重复最后一次的修改操作(同PS里ctrl+f执行滤镜)<br />
u : 撤销操作<br />
CTRL-R : 重做<br />
p : 将删除的字符插入到当前位置(put)</p>
<p>退出保存：<br />
:q : 退出<br />
:q! : 不保存退出<br />
ZZ : 保存后退出<br />
:e! : 放弃修改重新编辑</p>
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		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>电脑自动关机命令集合</title>
		<link>http://www.openboy.net/computer-automatic-shutdown-order.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.openboy.net/computer-automatic-shutdown-order.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 11:49:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[我的电脑]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[关机]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[命令]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[电脑]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.openboy.net/%e7%94%b5%e8%84%91%e8%87%aa%e5%8a%a8%e5%85%b3%e6%9c%ba%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e9%9b%86%e5%90%88.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Windows XP的关机是由Shutdown.exe程序来控制的，位于Windows\System32文件夹中。 比如你的电脑要在21:00关机，可以选择“开始→运行”，输入“at 21:00 Shutdown -s”，这样，到了21点电脑就会出现“系统关机”对话框，默认有30秒钟的倒计时并提示你保存工作。如果你想以倒计时的方式关机，可以输入 “Shutdown.exe -s -t 1800”，这里表示30分钟后自动关机，“1800”代表30分钟。 设置好自动关机后，如果想取消的话，可以在运行中输入“shutdown -a”。另外输入“shutdown -i”，则可以打开设置自动关机对话框，对自动关机进行设置。 Shutdown.exe的参数，每个都具有特定的用途，执行每一个都会产生不同的效果，比如“-s”就表示关闭本地计算机，“-a”表示取消关机操作，下面列出了更多参数，大家可以在Shutdown.exe中按需使用。 -f：强行关闭应用程序 -m //计算机名：控制远程计算机 -i：显示图形用户界面，但必须是Shutdown的第一个选项 -l：注销当前用户 -r：关机并重启 -t 时间：设置关机倒计时 -c “消息内容”：输入关机对话框中的消息内容（不能超127个字符） 有时候，我们需要定时关闭计算机，下面介绍一个在Windows XP下实现定时关机的简单方法。 指定系统在20分钟后自动关闭：点击“开始→运行”，在“打开”中输入命令“Shutdown －s －t 1200”（注意：引号不输入，参数之间有空格，1200的单位是秒），单击“确定” 按钮即可。 指定系统在某个时间（比如12：00）自动关闭：在“打开”中输入命令 “at 12：00 Shutdown －s”即可。 取消定时关机：在“打开”中输入命令“Shutdown －a”即可。 能的实现都是使用“Shutdown”命令实现的，shutdown的参数是在命令行窗口中输入“shutdown”。笔者认为最有用的是“－i”参数，可以调出“远程关机对话框”，能方便地实现局域网内计算机的远程关机，有兴趣的朋友可以试一试。 开始-程序-附件-系统工具-计划任务-添加任务计划-下一步-浏览-c:\windows\system32\shadow.exe-下一步-选好要关机的时间，下一步-输入用户名和密码，只要是系统里有的用户就行，但一定要有密码，没有也要设一个，下一步，选上“在完成时打开此任务的高级属性”，在运行栏后面加上 -S。 还可以做成批处理文件，实现一键关机功能哦，具体的方法就是把上面所说的命令保存在文本文档中,然后将后缀名.txt改为.bat,注意是后缀名哦,记得在文件夹选项中将隐藏已知文件后缀名这个选项取消掉. Windows开始→运行→命令总结如何修改sudo命令输入密码的时间Ubuntu/linux下最强大的下载工具－aria2总结一些linux目录结构和终端命令解决光驱无法加载光盘.CPU-Z,检测硬件的好工具.Linux下的一些SSH常用命令总结<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Windows XP的关机是由Shutdown.exe程序来控制的，位于Windows\System32文件夹中。</p>
<p>比如你的电脑要在21:00关机，可以选择“开始→运行”，输入“at 21:00 Shutdown -s”，这样，到了21点电脑就会出现“系统关机”对话框，默认有30秒钟的倒计时并提示你保存工作。如果你想以倒计时的方式关机，可以输入 “Shutdown.exe -s -t 1800”，这里表示30分钟后自动关机，“1800”代表30分钟。<span id="more-14"></span></p>
<p>设置好自动关机后，如果想取消的话，可以在运行中输入“shutdown -a”。另外输入“shutdown -i”，则可以打开设置自动关机对话框，对自动关机进行设置。</p>
<p>Shutdown.exe的参数，每个都具有特定的用途，执行每一个都会产生不同的效果，比如“-s”就表示关闭本地计算机，“-a”表示取消关机操作，下面列出了更多参数，大家可以在Shutdown.exe中按需使用。</p>
<p>-f：强行关闭应用程序</p>
<p>-m //计算机名：控制远程计算机</p>
<p>-i：显示图形用户界面，但必须是Shutdown的第一个选项</p>
<p>-l：注销当前用户</p>
<p>-r：关机并重启</p>
<p>-t 时间：设置关机倒计时</p>
<p>-c “消息内容”：输入关机对话框中的消息内容（不能超127个字符）</p>
<p>有时候，我们需要定时关闭计算机，下面介绍一个在Windows XP下实现定时关机的简单方法。</p>
<p>指定系统在20分钟后自动关闭：点击“开始→运行”，在“打开”中输入命令“Shutdown －s －t 1200”（注意：引号不输入，参数之间有空格，1200的单位是秒），单击“确定” 按钮即可。</p>
<p>指定系统在某个时间（比如12：00）自动关闭：在“打开”中输入命令 “at 12：00 Shutdown －s”即可。</p>
<p>取消定时关机：在“打开”中输入命令“Shutdown －a”即可。</p>
<p>能的实现都是使用“Shutdown”命令实现的，shutdown的参数是在命令行窗口中输入“shutdown”。笔者认为最有用的是“－i”参数，可以调出“远程关机对话框”，能方便地实现局域网内计算机的远程关机，有兴趣的朋友可以试一试。</p>
<p>开始-程序-附件-系统工具-计划任务-添加任务计划-下一步-浏览-c:\windows\system32\shadow.exe-下一步-选好要关机的时间，下一步-输入用户名和密码，只要是系统里有的用户就行，但一定要有密码，没有也要设一个，下一步，选上“在完成时打开此任务的高级属性”，在运行栏后面加上 -S。</p>
<p>还可以做成批处理文件，实现一键关机功能哦，具体的方法就是把上面所说的命令保存在文本文档中,然后将后缀名.txt改为.bat,注意是后缀名哦,记得在文件夹选项中将隐藏已知文件后缀名这个选项取消掉.</p>
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		<title>Windows开始→运行→命令总结</title>
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		<comments>http://www.openboy.net/windows-start-run-order.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 11:43:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>@openboy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[我的电脑]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[windows]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[命令]]></category>
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